Analysis of “Animal Farm”
“Animal Farm” is a Stalinist allegory written by George Orwell, which portrays a society that mirrors the USSR during and after the October Revolution, in which Czar Nicholas II was overthrown. Orwell, a democratic socialist, wrote the book in response to his experiences in the USSR—especially in concern to the injustices of the NKVD, or People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs, whom were the secret state police under Stalin. Orwell feared Joseph Stalin’s ascent to power and rule, and thought of it in the same terms as Julius Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte: leaders, which through force and propaganda, warp a populist ideology toward personal and dictatorial gains at great cost to their people’s livelihood and liberties. While the novella does not necessarily attacks the concept of revolution, it does point out the inherent flaws in it: that, without strong, compassionate leadership to hold the course and smooth the transition to a people’s mandated government, any revolution can—and probably will—fall into corruption, indifference, and wickedness. It also points out that a submission to the myopia and greed that some of a revolution’s leadership may hold is equally responsible to the revolution’s failure as the intentional or inadvertent ignorance or indifference to the problems within the revolution; both will lead to an escalation of horrors and inhumanities imposed upon the populace.
An animal-based satire, each of the major characters in the story mirrors real-life historical figures that were influential in the reigns of Lenin and Stalin. The story happens at Manor Farm, where Mr. Jones—the farm’s owner and a direct reference to the Czarists—is a lazy drunk who, by neglect and indifference, allowed the farm to fall into disrepair and for the animals to suffer. Old Major, an old boar who is based on both Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin—called the animals together, where he called the humans parasites and implored the animals to take charge of their own destinies. He taught the animals a revolutionary anthem, “Beasts of England”:
Upon Old Major’s death, two young pigs—Snowball, who represents Leon Trotsky, and Napoleon, who represents Stalin—assumed control. Using Old Major’s philosophy into a working mantra, the animals expelled Mr. Jones from the farm and renamed it “Animal Farm”, for “all animals are equal”—which is the most important of the Seven Commandments of Animalism (the animals’ version of socialism). Initially, under Snowball’s leadership, the farm ran smoothly—the animals were educated and fed, and the harvest was a massive success. The pigs elevated themselves to leadership and reserved special foods for themselves, which was the first sign of possible corruption; but, this was easily ignored. More troubling, Napoleon took away Jessie’s puppies to be trained privately. In the Battle of Cowshed, the animals defeated an invading Mr. Jones. This created a power struggle between Napoleon and Snowball, which climaxed over the construction of a windmill that Snowball favored. Napoleon ordered Jessie’s puppies to kill Snowball, and in the chaos, Snowball escaped. Napoleon assumed leadership, ended all animal meetings, and gave authority solely to the pigs.
Using a young, small, fat pig named Squealer (who was modeled on Vyacheslav Molotov, Stalin’s head of government from 1930 to 1941), Napoleon used propaganda and indoctrination to bring the animals under his control. Napoleon stole the idea of the windmill—but told the animals that Snowball stole it from him—and oversaw an outright effort by the animals to raise the mill. When a storm destroyed their efforts, Napoleon blamed the destruction on Snowball, turning him into his all-purpose scapegoat. The farm was purged of all suspected of supporting Snowball and of all that opposed Napoleon. Boxer the workhorse, who represents the Russian workers, assumes the mantra that Napoleon is always right.
Through abuses of power, including the rewriting of the Seven Commandments, the increase in forced labor imposed on the animals, the reservation of privileges not enjoyed by the other animals, and the blatant rewriting of history, Napoleon and the pigs cemented power. “Beasts of England” was deemed inappropriate and banned; it was replaced with:
“Animal Farm, Animal Farm,
Never through me shall thou come to harm!”
The thought that life under Mr. Jones was harder helped the animals to ignore that they were hungry, cold, and tired. Through poor memories and a use of false statistics, Squealer helped to enforce this false pretense.
After an attack on the farm by Mr. Frederick, Boxer collapsed from exhaustion. Napoleon promised that he would be given the best in care, but instead sold the old stallion to a glue factory. The pigs used the proceeds to buy more whiskey for themselves. This represents the multiple purges—including the Great Purge—mass deportations to penal labor camps in Siberia and beyond, and ordered executions of Jews and political adversaries that were committed under Stalin’s orders.
The farm is renamed Manor Farm, the pigs walk upright, wear clothes, and walk with canes and whips. They have abolished all commandments but one: “All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.” He announced an alliance with the humans against “the labouring classes of both ‘worlds’.” Ultimately, in appearance and behavior, the pigs have become indistinguishable from the humans. Orwell’s closing thesis was that the communism of the Soviet system was the same of the elitism of the Czarist system, in which the Russian nobility was replaced with Communist Party loyalists.
The gradual corruption of a pure ideology into something cruel and selfish is a key reason why this story continues to be a classic example of political satire. It is a warning that the very best ideas are useless without careful execution and continual vigilance toward stemming corruption and apathy. In light of recent rebellions and revolutions, these lessons are now more important than ever.